1. Core Java & OOP
String intern vs heap object
final vs finally vs finalize()
Abstract class vs interface, default methods, diamond problem
Garbage collection fundamentals
JVM vs JRE vs JDK
2. Data Structures & Algorithms
HashMap and HashSet internals
Sorting algorithms overview
Stack data structure
Stream operations (e.g., second-highest element)
3. Concurrency / Multithreading
Basics of multithreading in Java
Thread safety (String, synchronization, etc.)
Hibernate session management (SessionFactory)
4. Spring / Spring Boot
Core annotations, REST API design
JPA/Hibernate entities and repository
Component scan, autowiring, bean scopes
Spring Boot 3 enhancements
5. Testing & Design Practices
Writing JUnit tests, using @Mock
Functional interfaces and lambda expressions
Singleton design pattern
6. SQL / Database and API Design
Joins, indexing, query optimization
REST vs microservices architecture
Login-registration API design
Handling special scenarios like server downtime